<span data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"\"Annales Pomorienses. Ius\" is a yearbook connected with the Institute of Law and Administration, published by the Publishing House of the Pomeranian Academy in Slupsk. The editorial profile covers two disciplines of social sciences - legal sciences and political and administrative sciences."}" data-sheets-userformat="{"2":1021,"3":{"1":0},"5":{"1":[{"1":2,"2":0,"5":{"1":2,"2":0}},{"1":0,"2":0,"3":3},{"1":1,"2":0,"4":1}]},"6":{"1":[{"1":2,"2":0,"5":{"1":2,"2":0}},{"1":0,"2":0,"3":3},{"1":1,"2":0,"4":1}]},"7":{"1":[{"1":2,"2":0,"5":{"1":2,"2":0}},{"1":0,"2":0,"3":3},{"1":1,"2":0,"4":1}]},"8":{"1":[{"1":2,"2":0,"5":{"1":2,"2":0}},{"1":0,"2":0,"3":3},{"1":1,"2":0,"4":1}]},"9":0,"10":1,"11":4,"12":0}">"Annales Pomorienses. Ius" is a yearbook connected with the Institute of Law and Administration, published by the Publishing House of the Pomeranian University in Slupsk, Arciszewskiego 22a Street, 76-200 Słupsk, Poland. The editorial profile covers two disciplines of social sciences - legal sciences and political and administrative sciences.
Instytut Prawa i Administracji Uniwersytetu Pomorskiego w Słupsku i Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Pomorskiego w Słupsku
Copyright (c) 2025 Mateusz Rubaj https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Copyright (c) 2025 Mikołaj Tarkowski https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
On the complementary relationship between the Delaware Business Judgment Rule and the U.S. Department of Justice Corporate Compliance Program Guidelines
Although the Business Judgment Rule (BJR) in Delaware law and the U.S. Department of Justice's Corporate Compliance Program Guidelines (DOJ Guidelines) differ in their normative nature, representing hard law and soft law, both legal institutions share a similar functional purpose: protecting decision-making processes. The BJR protects managers from corporate liability for poor business decisions, provided they act in accordance with the law and their fiduciary duties, while the DOJ Guidelines protect corporations from criminal liability if they demonstrate an effective compliance program. The aim of this article is to compare the BJR and the DOJ guidelines and demonstrate the complementary relationship between them, not only that they complement but even reinforce each other. The acceptance of this research hypothesis is supported by the fact that the BJR defines the premises and scope of protection for managers' business decisions, while the DOJ guidelines define minimum organizational standards protecting corporations. This approach has comparative value, especially in the context of facilitating the interpretation of two new provisions introduced in Polish law in 2022: Article 293 § 3 and Article 483 § 3 of the Act of September 15, 2000 – the Commercial Companies Code. Furthermore, the article enriches the discussion on corporate governance, legal compliance, and managerial responsibility, in particular by presenting a case study on balancing managerial freedom to foster innovation while simultaneously protecting it from corporate and criminal liability.
Copyright (c) 2025 Robert Lizak https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Jewish Policemen in the Kovno Ghetto: Linked by an Institution, Recognized by Their Acts
Several Jewish policemen, fearing that future generations would not believe the horrors that engulfed them in the Kovno ghetto, anonymously wrote a history of the Jewish police force. Anticipating accusations of subjectivity – policemen writing about their own institution and colleagues - they swore to future historians to provide objective perspectives. What the authors could not know was that Jewish policemen would be judged as corrupt and brutal collaborators after the war, a perception that defines them monolithically as “collaborative formations”. As this perception has constricted consideration of Jewish policemen in the historigraphy, this article hopes to expand understanding through identification of acts of resistance. To this purpose, it examines the lives of three policemen, Yehuda Zupovitz, Joshua Grinberg, and Mikhal Hofmekler. Although the sample is too small to be considered as representative of Kovno ghetto Jewish policemen, it allows identification of their acts. As this inquiry is part of a larger study that will examine the lives of 20 Kovno ghetto Jewish policemen, it will test the methodology of collective biography to identify the acts of the three during the pre-war years and during their imprisonment in the ghetto.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lisa Anne Storer https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The article discusses Hutcheson’s views on the legal regulation of war. These views should be situated within the broader context of Hutcheson’s complex and ambiguous moral philosophy. For this reason, the work presents the concept of the moral sense as the thinker's original contribution to the field of moral philosophy, as well as the position of the concept of natural law in his thought. An essential background for the analysis is also provided by the views of authors who inspired Hutcheson and who dealt directly with the issue of war, namely, representatives of the modern natural law doctrine: Grotius, Pufendorf, and the translator of the latter’s works, Gershom Carmichael. In the conclusion, the paper addresses the relevance of the individual elements of Hutcheson’s thought (the category of the moral sense and the concept of natural law) in relation to the problem of war.
Copyright (c) 2025 Łukasz Mirocha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Main Issues of The Estate System in Georgia (from The Ancient Times to 1921)
In Georgia, as a country with ancient state traditions, there was a fairly large and strong national religion, which has passed a rather difficult path of development over the course of many centuries. The best representatives of the Georgian nobility, under the leadership of the kings (in Georgian – "მეფე/Mephe") of Georgia (Parnavazids/Parnavaziani, Bagratids/Bagrationis and others) fought selflessly against foreign invaders who wanted the destruction of our country. The heroic defense of the centuries-old independent state and the Christian faith, which was proclaimed the state religion in Georgia as early as 326, continued uninterrupted until the beginning of the 19th century. Georgia had its own aristocratic titles. After Georgia by deception became part of the Russian Empire, the Georgian traditional aristocratic titles disappeared and the Russian titles of prince and nobleman took root. In particular, the direct descendants of the last Georgian kings from the Bagration dynasty received the title of "His Serene Highness the Prince" ("უგანათლებულესი თავადი"), and representatives of the side branches of the same family received the title of "Prince" ("თავადი"). The title of "His Serene Highness the Prince" was also given to the brothers and descendants of the last rulers of pri­n­cipality ("Mtavari/მთავარი") of Megrelia (Samegrelo), Abkhazia (Abkhazeti) and Guria, and their relatives, as well as the descendants of the sovereign princes of Svaneti, bore the title of "Prince" ("თავადი"). The advanced part of the Georgian aristocracy adequately met the challenge of the century, in particular, the collapse of the Russian Empire, the loss of a privileged position in society and the agrarian reform carried out by the government of the newly restored Georgian state, as a result of which large land owners lost huge appanages. In particular, the former state, appanage, church-monastery and private lands exceeded the established norm (7 dessiatinas) were transferred to the land committees. On November 21, 1917, speaking at the First National Congress of Georgia, the last leader of the Tiflis Governorate (Eastern Georgia) publicly donated all the property of this estate organization to the Georgian people. So did the head of the Kutaisi Governorate (Western Georgia). The total value of the property of these estate organizations, which prepared its own basis for an independent Georgian state, was 60 million rubles (in gold). On November 28 of the same year, the Transcaucasian Commission, which was the local supreme government of the entire former region of already defunct Russian Empire, adopted a decree according to which, from that day on, the division of the Caucasus, titles and privileges were exercised throughout the territory of Transcaucasia and all citizens, regardless of national and ethnic origins, could absolutely enjoy equal rights. In the first Georgian constitution, which was adopted by the Constituent Assembly of the Democratic Republic of Georgia on February 21, 1921 in Tbilisi, it was stated that all citizens are equal by law, there are no class distinctions and the awarding of fines, except for the academic one, is prohibited. Thus, during the existence of the First Georgian Republic, the traditional civil division, titles, privileges and all citizens enjoyed their rights, which was also confirmed in the cons­titution of the independent state – the Democratic Republic of Georgia.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nikolai Javakhishvili https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Archbishop of Gniezno during interregnum in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth – interrex or vicarius regis?
After the childless death of Sigismund II Augustus, the election process of subsequent monarchs of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was often accompanied by relatively long periods of interregnum. During these intervals, the archbishop of Gniezno played a pivotal role. He was responsible for informing the nobility and foreign rulers about the king’s death, scheduling regional assemblies and convening a convocation Sejm. The primate also had the authority to appoint deputies to the extraordinary court presiding over the election and occasionally conferred other titles. Moreover, the archbishop represented the state in foreign affairs, hosting foreign envoys, providing official responses and even filling diplomatic posts. His authority, however, was limited by senators and deputies assigned to assist him. Often, the archbishop found himself mediating between conflicting interests within the nobility. While he did not assume full royal powers, his constitutional status justified the use of the title interrex.
Copyright (c) 2025 Oskar Kanecki https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Concepts of the material legal relationship of social insurance and the status of its entities as parties to the pre-trial proceedings in pension and disability matters
The study of labor law and social security uses various concepts of the material legal relationship of social insurance, which have arisen from the benefits of the defined benefit system and defined contribution, the relationship to civil and administrative law, as well as under the influence of the expanding scope of entities covered by compulsory and voluntary social insurance. This study presents all these concepts and their consequences for determining the scope of entities participating in the prelitigation procedure in pension and disability matters.
Copyright (c) 2025 Katarzyna Szlachta-Kisiel https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of appellate allegations in labor law cases based on case file research conducted at the Regional Court in Kraków
The article addresses the issue of applying appellate allegations in labor law cases, considering the specificity of the procedural law and substantive law. The article begins with the general characteristics of allegations in appellate proceedings, regarding the definitional problems, the function of appellate allegations and their classification. The main analysis concerned the allegations of violation of the procedural law and allegations of violation of the substantive law occurring in labor law cases, which were the subject of case file research conducted by the author at the Regional Court in Kraków. The most common allegations appearing in the examined cases were discussed, including the allegation of violation of the free evaluation of evidence, as well as the specificity of the occurrence of allegations of violation of the substantive civil law and allegations of violation of the provisions of the Labor Code.
Copyright (c) 2025 Magdalena Szulc https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Legal Status of the Employer as a Party to Mediation in Individual Labor Law Cases
The subject of consideration in this article is an analysis of the status of one of the parties to mediation in individual labour law cases, namely the employer. Given that the employer may take various legal forms under which they are entitled to employ an employee — ranging from a natural person to commercial companies governed by commercial law — it is therefore necessary to examine this issue in order to determine whether the employer’s organisational and legal form has any impact on their status as a party to mediation in individual labour law disputes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aneta Krasuń https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Social Labor Inspectorate within The Structure of Labor Law Compliance Supervisory Authorities
In accordance with Article 185 of the Polish Labor Code, social labor inspectorate is tasked with the exercise of social control over the observance of labor law, including adherence to provisions regarding occupational health and safety. However, even a brief preliminary analysis of the Act on Social Labor Inspectorate (along with an analysis of various standpoints expressed in the doctrine) allows for a conclusion that social labor inspectorate does not, in fact, exercise control over the observance of labor law. Instead, it pursues supervision over adherence to labor law. This article aims to determine the position of social labor inspectorate within the structure of authorities supervising the observance of labor law, including in particular an attempt at determining the relationship between social labor inspectorate and non-consolidated administrative authorities. This issue has not previously been subject of an in-depth analysis in labor law doctrine therefore, this article provides insight on the influence of social labor inspectorate on a large-scale perspective.
Copyright (c) 2025 Monika Banaś https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
State Council for the Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy. Statutory position, scope of action, competences and tasks
Poland currently has a well-defined system for managing nuclear power. The Minister of Industry is responsible for promoting nuclear power, while the President of the National Atomic Energy Agency (PAA) oversees safety in this field. The PAA President is supported by the Council for Nuclear Safety and Radiological Protection, which advises on matters such as nuclear licensing and legislation. In the early 1950s, Poland lacked a dedicated body for nuclear power. This changed in 1956 with the establishment of the Government Plenipotentiary for the Use of Nuclear Energy, which assumed both promotional and supervisory roles. Additionally, the State Council for the Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy was created as an advisory and coordinating body, essentially subordinate to the Plenipotentiary. While the nuclear power management system at the time may have been complex and lacked transparency, it marked a significant step in the development of the Polish nuclear power industry. The current governance structures evolved from these early forms, adapting to the changing needs and challenges of Poland's nuclear power advancement.
Acquisition of ownership rights to an animal based on a forfeiture order issued under the Animal Protection Act
This article deals with the practical aspects of adjudicating the forfeiture of an animal under the Animal Protection Act. It discusses the range of discretionary judicial power in imposing this criminal measure and assesses whether the provisions of the law in its current wording are sufficient for its implementation. The issue of acquiring ownership of the animal as a result of the execution of a judgment issued by a criminal court is also presented. The author formulates postulates de lege ferenda regarding the need of undertaking legislative work allowing for a clear determination of the legal status of the animal after the forfeiture is executed.
Safeguarding the rights at internal borders. Commentary on the judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union of 19 March 2019 in case C-444/17 Prefet des Pyrenees-Orientales v. Abdelaziz Arib and Others
This commentary aims at explaining the nature of Directive 2008/115 on common standards and procedures in Member States for returning illegally staying third-country nationals in the light of the Arib judgment of the Court of Justice of the EU, especially as far as the capacity of Directive 2008/115 to safeguard the rights of individuals is concerned.
State responsibility in international law: analyzing Russia’s Actions in the war in Abkhazia (1992-1993)
This research examines the events of the 1992-1993 war in Abkhazia in the light of international law, with a particular focus on the principle of state responsibility. Specifically, the article evaluates the activities of Russia at each stage of the conflict and assesses where they violated international law. The research highlights Russia's role in the significant escalation of hostilities, where it was directly involved in military engagements and provided substantial support to the separatist forces during the conflict in Abkhazia. Essentially, such engagements have expressed effective overall control, grounding grave violations of international law to undermine Georgia's sovereignty and territorial integrity. It will be able to measure the legality of Russian involvement by taking a broader look at international legal norms within the role they play in upholding world order and their accountability.
Variations in Religious Thought During the Holocaust: Consideration of God in the Kovno Ghetto Through the Writings of an Elite Orthodox leader, Rabbi Oshry, and the Oral Testimonies of Ordinary Jews, Judith Meisel and Sidney Shachnow
The role of Jewish religion during the Holocaust is complex in its ambiguity. To address the topic, this article will provide a limited analysis of the faith in the power of God from the contrasting perspectives of an elite Orthodox leader, Rabbi Ephraim Oshry, and two non-elite, ordinary Jews, Judith Meisel and Sidney Shachnow. All three were imprisoned in the Kovno ghetto from 1941 to 1944. Rabbi Oshry’s purpose in his rabbinical writings, as Orthodox historigraphy, was to portray the observant as heroic to maintain the post-war faith of the Orthodox. He glorified religious observance of Jews during the Holocaust, in the seeming-absence of God, to reaffirm faith in the power of God. In contrast, the oral testimonies of Meisel and Shachnow reveal their personal anguish as they describe their individual doubt in the power of God. They explain that they questioned why God did not act to stop the destruction and slaughter. The post-war oral testimonies of Meisel and Shachnow were not created for an identified audience per se, as their testimonies were unrehearsed. In contrast, Rabbi Oshry edited and revised his published work over several decades after the war for an Orthodox audience. David Deutsch and Michal Shaul argue that in the historiography the religious perspectives of elites that glorify the observant during the Holocaust, such as those of Rabbi Oshry, have been embraced in by researchers. In contrast, they identify a near absence of academic inquiry into the religious questioning of ordinary Jews, such as Meisel and Shachnow, as revealed in oral testimonies. While this article is necessarily restricted in its scope due to its focus on the perspectives of three subjects, its purpose is to identify variation in religious thought as affected by the Holocaust.
Juliusz Bardach as a representative of the youngest generation of the Vilnius historical-law school
The article outlines a person of Juliusz Bardach with the background of the milieu of historians of law in Stefan Batory University, its generations, representatives and their academic, political and social activity. The author analyses the profile of professor Juliusz Bardach as a representative of this community, but also it is a background to present himself as a person, his family and social position as well as his scientific activity before the II World War and after it. The author seeks to depict one of the most famous historians of law in 20th century in Poland as one of the Ehrenkreutz’s students, and tries to understand the phenomenon of the milieu the latter one had created.
The notary in the Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Poland - manifestations of unification and separateness (1866-1915)
The article is a cross-sectional look at the institution of the notary in the Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Poland. It presents the norms of functioning of a notary based on Russian regulations in the form of the ukaz of April 14, 1866 and the ukaz of February 19, 1876. The article focuses on the analysis of printed sources, including archival sources and press articles published in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Its author was looking for an answer to the following questions: how the norms of both legal acts were implemented in practice in the Kingdom of Poland and what demands were made by the notary community in connection with the general attempt to unify the notarial system in the Kingdom of Poland and the Russian Empire after 1876.
Lithuanian nobility against the attempt to reform the provisions of the Third Statute of Lithuania in the second half of the 18th century
The Third Statute of Lithuania, adopted in 1588, remained in force in the lands of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania for more than 250 years. It has been the subject numerous reforms over the course of this period. Over time, however, the nobility raised more and more objections to its provisions, and the commissions set up by the Sejm did not always achieve their aims. Meanwhile, it was the lengthy legal processes in particular that needed to be improved quickly. Despite this, attempts in the second half of the 18th century to introduce major changes or a new codification failed. It is evident that the Statute of 1588 remained a pivotal element of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania’s political distinctiveness.
Situation of Vilnius diocese according to the Visitation of 1522
The article examines the Visitation carried out in 1522 in Vilnius diocese and what this document reveals about the situation of Vilnius diocese at that time and the roots of Catholicism in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The article examines the role of the grand dukes of Lithuania in the time of Visitation, drawing conclusions about the role of the dukes in the establishment of new churches and the inadequate provisioning of the different rulers. The churches are compared according to the wealth of the noble funders. An analysis of the material well-being of the churches is made according to the recorded wealth, and the fundamental differences between poorer and richer churches are defined, the reasons for such differences are presented. The article conducts a study of the veneration of saints and the pastoral care of the churches - based on the visitation, the most popular intentions of the mass are reviewed, and the essential pastoral features of the Vilnius diocese are defined. From the data provided by the Visitation, conclusions are drawn about the development of Catholicism in the Grand Duchy and the development of the prerequisites for the Reformation in the 15th -16th centuries.
Copyright (c) 2023 Maciej Helmin, Oskar Kanecki, Hubert Rafałowski, Piotr Skorek https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Copyright (c) 2023 Mikołaj Tarkowski https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
On the issue of applying electronic supervision to a convict as a form of imprisonment
The author discusses the conditions for adjudication of electronic supervision by the penitentiary Court in the performance of the penalty of imprisonment. The legal analysis of chosen requirements for the penalty of the electronic supervision system was made. Analysis of applicable regulations regarding the use of electronic supervision has led to the following conclusions. The current shape of the electronic supervision as a non-custodial form of execution of the penalty of deprivation of liberty outside the penitentiary facility, allows the penitentiary court to apply it more broadly than in the case of the benefit of conditional suspension of the execution of this penalty. In the context of the threshold condition for granting consent to the execution of a sentence under the electronic supervision system for a penalty of imprisonment not exceeding one year and 6 months, it should be considered that it is not met when the penalty imposed in the conviction exceeds this limit has been shortened according to art. 75 § 3a Criminal Code and is currently subject to execution to a lesser extent than specified in art. 43la § 1 point 1 of the Executive Penal Code. The application of specific provisions of the Executive Penal Code in enforcement criminal proceedings requires a clear indication contained in the Executive Penal Code. Ratio legis of art. 43la Executive Penal Code was the deprivation of the possibility of serving a sentence in this system of convicts who return to crime, and not - incidentally committing a crime of a specific category.
Copyright (c) 2023 Kamil Frąckowiak https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Statement on the importance of the prosecutor’s objection to the safe conduct
An analysis of the views presented with regard to the relatively short period of validity of the regulations of Art. 281 § 2 Code of Penal Procedure leads to two key conclusions. Firstly, the nature of a regional court being bound by the prosecutor's objection when issuing safe conduct is subject to active verification in the doctrine. Secondly, the words of this verification allow us to talk about the dispute that emerges against the background of the perception of the regulation encoded in the cited provision. While this situation remains highly attractive for the academic discourse, it appears dangerous when applying the law.Thus, every vote on the matter appears to be important. The purpose of this article is to present the view that the prosecutor's objection referred to in Art. 281 § 2 of the Code of Penal Procedure is not decisive for the issuance of safe conduct.
Copyright (c) 2023 Bartłomiej Nałęcz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The history of the graduates of the Faculty of Law and Social Sciences Stefan Batory University in Vilnius on the example of Antoni Markowski, an investigating judge from Grodno
The fate of Antoni Markowski was greatly influenced by the political history of the 20th century. As a volunteer he took part in the Polish-Bolshevik war. After its completion, he went to study in Vilnius. After their positive conclusion, he became a sub-prosecutor in Suwałki, and then an investigating judge in Grodno. Unfortunately, the outbreak of World War II ended his career in the structures of the Polish judiciary. Due to the political situation after the war, he remained in exile in Great Britain, where he worked as a teacher.
Copyright (c) 2023 Marcin Markowski https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Organization of the judiciary of the Słupsk region in the first year after World War II. A contribution to the history of justice in Western Pomerania
The article presents the organization and functioning of common courts of the created Słupsk district in the first year after the end of World War II. The author presents the creation of the structure of the judiciary in this area, as well as the legal basis for their creation. The text also presents the profiles of the first judges, as well as employees of the administrative staff. The text also presents a description of the struggles, difficulties and efforts undertaken by the organizers of the Słupsk judiciary in this period.
Copyright (c) 2023 Maciej Helmin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Selected issues related to counteracting threats to public order and security in the Second Polish Republic in the eyes of the activities of the Poviat Police Headquarters in Puck, Wejherowo and the Morski Poviat
The social mood related to the rebirth of the Polish State after the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles on June 28, 1919 was quite diverse. On the one hand, this fact was met with joy and enthusiasm, but on the other hand, there was reluctance and sometimes even hostility. These phenomena most clearly emerged after the National Front occupied Gdansk Pomerania, especially its northern areas. These regions were characterized by a high degree of Germanization of the native Polish population, as well as a large number of representatives of national minorities - mainly the German minority. This created favorable conditions for undertaking various criminal activities - often anti-state or even subversive. The threats to public safety and order arising in this context and the methods of combating them seem to be an interesting research problem, the solution of which is undertaken in this publication. To achieve this, a query and analysis of archival materials related to the activities of district police headquarters in the northern parts of Gdansk Pomerania was carried out. The article presents the main areas of occurrence of threats and the ways in which officers of district headquarters tried to counteract these threats.
Copyright (c) 2023 Artur Zarwalski https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The need for a reliable assessment of each factual state as an incentive to determine the state of lis pendens
The subject of these observations is the presentation of several facts in a civil case, which may end with premature discontinuation of the proceedings. When analyzing the procedural and substantive legal effects for the plaintiff, it requires deep reflection, bearing in mind the right to a court, the right to a fair trial, caution in formally terminating the proceedings by discontinuing them. I will focus on the aspect of the impossibility of delivering a copy of the statement of claim to the defendant, failure to determine whether the defendant lives at a given address, as well as determining other addresses, attempting to deliver to other addresses and returning the parcel again in the mode of substitute delivery. The legal problem arises at the stage of the decision on the validation of the mode provided for in the delivery of an uncollected parcel by the bailiff at the request of the claimant, as well as the statutory deadlines for suspending the proceedings and then for discontinuing them. The aspect of excessive formalism in coherence with the lack of procedural effects when discontinuing the proceedings by the Court by operation of law, including the interruption of the limitation period, requires clarification. Contrary to the unification of the jurisprudence of common courts, it should be determined whether, by initiating the procedure of serving a copy of the statement of claim by the bailiff several times, the guarantees of any of the parties to the proceedings will be violated, or, on the contrary, the decision to accept the application, e.g. to appoint a probation officer for the defendant whose place of residence is unknown, will be made prudent, preventive, protective, as well as allowing the defendant to independently defend his rights.
Copyright (c) 2023 Katarzyna Cwojdzińska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0